The 5.56x45mm NATO cartridge is incredibly popular, used in both military and civilian applications. Reloading your own 556 bullets offers significant advantages, from cost savings to the ability to customize your ammunition to your exact needs. But with so many bullet options available, choosing the right one can feel overwhelming. This guide will break down everything you need to know about selecting the best 556 bullets for your reloading projects.
Understanding 556 Bullet Types and Their Applications
Choosing the right 556 bullet depends heavily on your intended use. Different bullet types offer distinct performance characteristics. Let's explore some popular options:
Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) Bullets
- Description: These bullets have a lead core fully encased in a metal jacket, usually copper or gilding metal. They are affordable, reliable, and suitable for target practice and general plinking.
- Advantages: Inexpensive, consistent performance, good accuracy, safe for use in semi-automatic rifles.
- Disadvantages: Limited expansion on impact, not ideal for hunting or self-defense applications.
- Typical Weight Range: 55-77 grains.
Hollow Point (HP) Bullets
- Description: These bullets have a cavity in the tip or base, designed to increase expansion upon impact. They are widely used in self-defense and hunting.
- Advantages: Greater stopping power than FMJs, more humane for hunting.
- Disadvantages: Can be more expensive, may have reduced accuracy compared to FMJs.
- Types: Several types of Hollow Points exist, each with its own characteristics. Examples include:
- Jacketed Hollow Point (JHP): Lead core covered by a metal jacket, with a hollow point cavity.
- Soft Point (SP): Lead core exposed at the tip, creating a hollow point effect.
- Typical Weight Range: 55-77 grains.
Boat Tail Bullets
- Description: These bullets feature a tapered rear, providing improved aerodynamics and reducing drag. This often leads to increased accuracy and longer range.
- Advantages: Increased accuracy and longer effective range. They fly straighter and retain more velocity over longer distances.
- Disadvantages: Usually more expensive than similar bullets without a boat tail.
- Typical Weight Range: A wide variety of weights, often used in match-grade ammunition.
Polymer Tipped Bullets
- Description: These bullets feature a polymer tip that helps to improve ballistic performance. The tip aids in penetration and reduces drag, particularly at higher velocities.
- Advantages: High ballistic coefficient, excellent accuracy, flat trajectory, increased range.
- Disadvantages: More expensive than many other types.
- Typical Weight Range: Often found in heavier weights.
Match Grade Bullets
- Description: Designed for the highest levels of accuracy, these bullets are usually made to very tight tolerances.
- Advantages: Exceptional accuracy, typically more consistent performance.
- Disadvantages: More expensive than standard bullets. Often require more precise reloading techniques.
- Typical Weight Range: This can vary widely depending on the manufacturer.
Factors to Consider When Choosing 556 Bullets
Beyond bullet type, several other factors influence your choice:
- Bullet Weight: Heavier bullets generally have flatter trajectories and better penetration, while lighter bullets have higher velocities but less range.
- Bullet Material: The material of the bullet core (lead, copper, etc.) affects its weight, cost, and performance.
- Manufacturer Reputation: Choose bullets from reputable manufacturers known for their quality control and consistency.
- Your Rifle: Certain bullets may perform better in certain rifles. Experimentation is often necessary.
- Intended Use: Target shooting, hunting, self-defense, and competition all have different requirements.
Case Study: Comparing Two Popular 556 Bullets
Let's compare two commonly used bullets: a 55-grain FMJ and a 77-grain OTM (Open Tip Match) bullet.
| Feature | 55-grain FMJ | 77-grain OTM |
|---|---|---|
| Type | Full Metal Jacket | Open Tip Match |
| Weight | 55 grains | 77 grains |
| Velocity | Higher | Lower |
| Range | Shorter | Longer |
| Trajectory | Less flat | Flatter |
| Cost | Lower | Higher |
| Application | Target Practice | Long Range/Match |
Note: The exact velocity and range will vary depending on the powder used, barrel length, and other factors.
Safety Precautions for Reloading 556 Ammunition
Reloading ammunition can be dangerous if not performed properly. Always follow these safety precautions:
- Wear appropriate safety glasses and hearing protection.
- Work in a well-ventilated area.
- Use only high-quality components from reputable sources.
- Carefully follow the reloading data provided by the bullet manufacturer.
- Never mix and match components from different manufacturers without verifying compatibility.
- Inspect each round carefully before loading into your firearm.
- Handle all ammunition with respect and care.
Reloading your own 556 ammunition can be a rewarding and cost-effective practice. By understanding the different bullet types and carefully considering the factors discussed above, you can choose the perfect bullets for your specific needs and enjoy the precision and performance of your handloaded ammunition. Remember to prioritize safety and always consult reliable sources for reloading data.