The choice between a 12-gauge slug and a .45-70 Government cartridge often arises in discussions about hunting large game and self-defense scenarios. Both offer significant stopping power, but their characteristics differ significantly, making one a better choice depending on the specific situation. This article delves into a detailed comparison, examining their ballistics, applications, and overall effectiveness.
Ballistics and Performance: A Head-to-Head Look
The core difference lies in the projectile's size, velocity, and energy transfer. Let's examine the key ballistic properties:
| Characteristic | 12 Gauge Slug (various types) | .45-70 Government (various loadings) |
|---|---|---|
| Caliber | 12 gauge (approx. 0.73 inches) | .45 caliber (approx. 0.458 inches) |
| Projectile Weight | Varies greatly (from 7/8 oz to 1 1/4 oz) | Varies (250gr to 500gr+) |
| Muzzle Velocity | Varies greatly (1000-1600 fps) | Varies (1800-2200 fps, depending on load) |
| Muzzle Energy | Varies greatly (1000-2500 ft-lbs) | Varies greatly (1500-3000 ft-lbs, or more) |
| Recoil | Moderate to substantial, dependent on load | Substantial to very heavy |
| Effective Range | Generally shorter than .45-70, highly dependent on slug type | Generally longer than 12 gauge slugs |
Note: The wide range in values for 12-gauge slugs reflects the vast array of slug types available (rifled slugs, foster slugs, Brenneke slugs, etc.), each with its own ballistic profile. Similarly, the .45-70 offers a broad spectrum of bullet weights and loads.
Penetration and Stopping Power
The heavier, slower .45-70 generally offers greater penetration at longer ranges than even the heaviest 12-gauge slugs. This is crucial for hunting larger, tougher animals. The larger diameter of the .45-70 bullet also creates a wider wound channel, increasing the likelihood of a quick, humane kill.
12-gauge slugs, particularly rifled slugs, offer better accuracy at closer ranges. Their higher velocity can be advantageous for quicker, more precise shots, which can be beneficial in self-defense situations where you need to stop a threat quickly.
Hunting Applications: Deer, Bear, and Beyond
Deer Hunting: Both calibers are capable of cleanly taking down deer, but the .45-70 might be preferred for larger deer or shots at longer ranges. A 12-gauge slug, especially a rifled slug, offers excellent accuracy within its effective range and is lighter to carry for long hunts.
Bear Hunting: The .45-70 is generally considered a better choice for bear hunting due to its greater penetration and stopping power. Its heavier bullet is better suited to penetrate thick hides and vital organs. However, the right 12-gauge slug can be effective on smaller bears at closer ranges, but this would be a risky choice against a very large bear.
Other Large Game: The .45-70's power makes it suitable for hunting elk, moose, and other large game animals where the extra power is important. A 12-gauge slug would generally be insufficient for animals that size.
Self-Defense Considerations: Home Protection and Personal Safety
For home defense, the 12-gauge slug offers some advantages:
- Greater capacity: Most shotguns hold multiple rounds.
- Shorter barrel options: This facilitates maneuverability within confined spaces.
However, the substantial recoil of even a lighter 12-gauge slug can be a drawback for some users. A .45-70 lever-action rifle could make a formidable home defense weapon for those comfortable with its recoil and who can accurately manage its lower rate of fire. It's important to consider overpenetration risks with both calibers in a home environment.
The .45-70 is less suitable for home defense due to its longer barrel and potentially more pronounced recoil. Overpenetration is a bigger concern with the .45-70.
Conclusion: Choosing the Right Tool for the Job
The decision between a 12-gauge slug and a .45-70 hinges on the intended purpose and specific circumstances.
- For hunting larger game at longer ranges, the .45-70 offers superior power and penetration.
- For close-range hunting of deer or home defense, a 12-gauge slug is often the more practical option.
Careful consideration of the individual’s experience, physical capabilities, and intended application are key factors in making the optimal choice. Both cartridges are capable of delivering substantial stopping power, but their strengths lie in different areas. Always prioritize safety and responsible firearm handling.